malware

New Firefox Malware

Howdy,

Apparently BitDefender stumbled upon a Firefox-only banking malware. It installs itself as a Firefox plugin (= it installs a native binary) and as a javascript file in the Chrome folder (= it modifies the source code of Firefox):

  • %ProgramFiles%\Mozilla Firefox\plugins\npbasic.dll
  • %ProgramFiles%\Mozilla Firefox\chrome\chrome\content\browser.js

If anyone has a sample, I’d like to have a look at it. It’s not technically a Firefox extension, but its payload could also be delivered as an extension (with no native code at all). If anybody wonders why there is not more Firefox crapware, there are two reasons for it:

  • the browser market is still dominated by IE
  • malware authors have not realised how easy it was to write malware for Firefox

Links:

World of Warcraft – Scan.dll is not a Virus

Howdy,

As I logged on today on WoW, my antivirus raised a virus alert for the file Scan.dll in WoW’s installation folder. I am using Avast 4.8 Home Edition (Virus Database 081028-0 dating from today). It is probably a false positive, but it is also possible that my WoW install has been infected with something (since some malware specifically targets WoW accounts). Since I don’t want to lose all my precious gold, I preferred checking a few things before logging in.

Here is a VirusTotal scan of the suspicious file Scan.dll: http://www.virustotal.com/fr/analisis/2b23aa39412bdfffdc8e8f34215de118. Here is what we can learn from this:

  • only 3/36 antiviruses flag scan.dll as suspicious (which is low but still more than one)
  • all raise generic alerts such as “suspicious file” and “Win32:Trojan-gen {Other}”. In plain English, this means “I have no idea what this file does, however it is protected against analysis and I am better off raising a scary alert”.
  • according to multiple tools the file is packed with UPX.

Hopefully, UPX is a really weak protection and the official release can unpack the file for us. So, all we have to do is download the latest UPX release, install it and unpack Scan.dll:

D:\test\upx303w>upx -d Scan.dll -o UnpackedScan.dll
                       Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
                     Copyright (C) 1996 - 2008UPX 3.03w
        Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser   Apr 27th 2008

        File size         Ratio      Format      Name
   --------------------   ------   -----------   -----------
        90372 <- 39684    43.91%    win32/pe     UnpackedScan.dll

Unpacked 1 file.

Now that we have an unpacked Scan.dll, let’s check again what Virus Total has to tell us: http://www.virustotal.com/fr/analisis/fdfe09829e1dd865144d6f80313209c4

This time, we have 0/36 detection rate, and the file does not seem to include additional layers of protection (which means it can now be fully analysed by antivirus engines).

Conclusion: it was the UPX protection layer that caused the new Avast and eSafe alert. Therefore this alert is a false positive, Scan.dll is not infected and you can go back to murloc farming. What is strange however is that UPX is a really common packer, I’m wondering exactly what part of it is confusing Avast’s heuristics.

Ok I didn’t understand anything above, what should I do/know ?

  • at the time of writing, Scan.dll is not a virus
  • the alert only comes from Avast and related antiviruses
  • when Avast asks you what to do, choose Nothing. On the next virus database update, the alert will probably be removed.
  • if you chose Quarantine, try to restore the file since WoW will probably complain that you messed with one of its DLLs.

Here is the post dealing with this issue on the official forums.

A Quick Survey on Automatic Unpacking Techniques

This is a non-comprehensive list of papers and tools dealing with automated unpacking. Please let me know if I’ve missed another technique or if I misunderstood any of the techniques below.

Ring0/Ring3 components, using manual unpacking and heuristics

OllyBonE:

OllyBonE (Break on Execution) uses a Windows driver to prevent memory pages from being executed, and an OllyDbg plugin communicating with the driver. As such it is not an automatic unpacker and requires manual tagging of the pages in which the unpacked code is expected to be found.

Technology used: Windows driver to prevent memory page execution, debugger plugin

Handles unknown packers: no.

Drawbacks: requires a priori knowledge of the memory location of the unpacked code, vulnerable to anti-debugging techniques, modification of the integrity of the host operating system due to the driver.

Code Available: yes, http://www.joestewart.org/ollybone/.

Original Site

(Updated) Dream of Every Reverser / Generic Unpacker:

It is a Windows driver used to hook ring 3 memory accesses. It is used in a project called Generic Unpacker by the same author to find the original entrypoint. The tool then tries to find all import references, dumps the file and fixes the imports. It is reported to work against UPX, FSG and AsPack, but not against more complex packers.

Technology used: Windows driver to hook userland memory access

Handles unknown packers: no.

Drawbacks: requires a priori knowledge of the memory location of the unpacked code, modification of the integrity of the host operating system due to the driver.

Code Available: yes, http://deroko.phearless.org/GenericUnpacker.rar.

Original Site

(updated) RL!Depacker

No description for this one, however it looks similar to Dream of Every Reverser / Generic Unpacker.

Code Available: yes,  http://ap0x.jezgra.net/RL!dePacker.rar.

Original Site

(updated) QuickUnpack

Again, no real description, but it looks similar to RL!Depacker and DOER / Generic Unpacker. It is a scriptable engine using a debugging API. It is reported to work against 60+ simple packers.

Code Available: yes, http://www.team-x.ru/guru-exe/?path=Tools/Unpackers/QuickUnpack/

Original Site (in Russian)

Universal PE Unpacker:

This is an IDA Pro plugin, using the IDA Pro Debugger interface. It waits for the packer to call GetProcAddress and then activates single-stepping mode until EIP is in a predefined range (an estimate for the OEP). It only works well against UPX, Morphine, Aspack, FSG and MEW (according to the authors of Renovo).

Technology used: Debugging and heuristics.

Handles unknown packers: no, needs an approximation of the OEP and assumes that the unpacker will call GetProcAddress before calling the original code.

Drawbacks: not fully automatic, very vulnerable to debugger detection, does not necessarily work against all packers or self-modifying code.

Code Available: yes, since IDA Pro 4.9

Original Site

Instruction-level analysis, comparison between written addresses and executed addresses

Renovo:

Built on TEMU (BitBlaze), it uses full system emulation to record memory writes (and mark those memory locations as dirty). Each time a new basic block is executed, if it contains a dirty memory location a hidden layer has been found. Cost: 8 times slower than normal execution. It seems to unpack everything correctly except Armadillon and Obsidium (due to incorrect system emulation ?). It seems to only obtain partial results against Themida with the VM option on.

Technology used: Full system emulation.

Handles unknown packers: yes.

Drawbacks: order of magnitude slowdown, detection of the emulation stage

Code Available: I couldn’t find it.

Original Site, Local Copy

Azure:

Paul Royal’s solution, named after BluePill because it is based on KVM, a Linux-based hypervisor. It uses Intel’s VT extension to trace the target process (at the instruction-level), by setting the trap flag and intercepting the resulting exception. The memory writes are then recorded and compared to the address of the current instruction. According to the paper, it handles every packer correctly (including Armadillo, Obsidium and Themida VM).

Technology used: Hardware assisted virtualization and virtual machine introspection.

Handles unknown packers: yes.

Drawbacks: detection of the hypervisor. Slowdown ?

Code Available: yes, http://blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-08/Royal/Royal_Extras.zip.

Original Site, Local Copy

Saffron:

Developed by Danny Quist and Valsmith, a first version uses Intel PIN to dynamically instrument the analyzed code. It actually inserts instructions in the code flow, allowing lightweight fine-grained control (no need for emulation or virtualization), but it modifies the integrity of the packer. A second version modifies the page fault handler of Windows and traps when a written memory page is executed. It has mixed results with Molebox, Themida, Obsidium, and doesn’t handle Armadillo correctly (according to Paul Royal).

Technology used: Dynamic instrumentation, Pagefault handling (with a kernel component in the host operating system).

Handles unknown packers: yes.

Drawbacks: modifies the integrity of the code (with DI) and of the host operating system. It must not work in a virtual machine. The dynamic instrumentation is very slow. The memory monitoring of the pagefault handler is coarse-grained (pages are aligned on a 4k boundary), and therefore some memory access can go unnoticed.

Code Available: dynamic instrumentation available, what about the driver ?

Original Site, Local Copy

(updated) OmniUnpack:

Uses a technique similar to the second version of Saffron: a Windows driver to enforce a W^X policy on memory pages.

Technology used: Pagefault handling  and system call tracing (with a kernel component in the host operating system)

Handles unknown packers: yes.

Drawbacks: modifies the integrity of the host operating system. It must not work in a virtual machine. The memory monitoring of the pagefault handler is coarse-grained, leading to spurious unpacking stages.

Code Available: ?

Original Site, Local Copy

Pandora’s Bochs:

Developed by Lutz Böhne, it is based on Bochs which is used to monitor memory writes and compare them with branch targets. Interestingly, the assumptions about the program are stated explicitly (which is a GOOD thing) : the unpacking does not involve multiple processes, it does not happen in kernel mode, the unpacked code is reached through a branch instruction (not a fall-through edge), etc… Another interesting point in this approach is that it uses no component in the guest OS (as opposed to Renovo for example), all the information is retrieved from outside the matrix (as with Azure).

Technology used: Full system emulation based on Bochs.

Handles unknown packers: yes.

Drawbacks: As stated in the paper the limitations are speed, compatibility (not all packed samples seemed to run under Bochs), detection of OEP and reconstruction of imports sometimes failed.

Code Available: http://damogran.de/blog/archives/21-To-release,-or-not-to-release-….html

Original Site, Local Copy

Other techniques (comparison with static disassembly or disk image)

Secure and Avanced Unpacking by Sebastien Josse:

The idea developed by Sebastien Josse is to use full system emulation (based on QEMU ?) and to compare the basic blocks that are going to be executed by the virtual CPU with the equivalent address in the file image of the executable. If the memory and the disk version differ, it means that the code has been generated on the fly and therefore a hidden layer has been found. Josse then proposes techniques to rebuild a fully functional executable based on the memory dump. This technique seems to work well (but sometimes requires human intervention) against several packers, including Armadillo, ASProtect, PEtite, UPX, yC…

Technology used:Full system emulation, comparison between memory images and disk images.

Handles unknown packers: yes, manual intervention might be required in some cases.

Drawbacks: slowdown due to the full system emulation, full reconstruction of the unpacked program is not always possible.

Code Available: ?

Original Site

PolyUnpack:

The idea behind PolyUnpack is to address the fundamental nature of unpacking, which is runtime code generation. To identifiy code that has been generated at runtime, PolyUnpack uses a conceptually elegant technique: it first statically analyses the program to build a map of statically accessible code, and then traces the execution of the program. The dynamically intercepted instructions are compared with the static disassembly, if they do not appear in the static disassembly then they have been generated at runtime.

Technology used: comparison between static disassembly and dynamic tracing. The dynamic trace is extracted with single-step debugging APIs.

Handles unknown packers: yes.

Drawbacks: vulnerable to debugger detection. Note that this is a limitation of the implementation, not of the concept.

Code Available: http://polyunpack.cc.gt.atl.ga.us/polyunpack.zip (updated 26/06/2009)

Original Site, Local Copy

Malicious Firefox Extensions – continued

I worked with Phil on malicious firefox extensions – very briefly at SSTIC, in details on the lab’s blog, and in an unpublished short paper.

As some people asked, yes the issues have been reported to the Mozilla security team (thanks to JP Gaulier and Tristan Nitot). And the result is a bug report marked as invalid (which is normal, since what we wanted to communicate was not a bug report but rather design issues).

So basically the situation is: ActiveX is bad because there is absolutely no security policy. There is absolutely no security policy for Firefox extensions but it’s cool.

I’m out, I really need a double shot of espresso now.

Dan